Verbs of Feelings

Several verbs in Spanish that express feelings (pleasure, pain, etc.) have different word order than in English. These verbs have the same construction as gustar (#35): Indirect object + verb + subject. Me, te, le, nos, os, les are the indirect object pronouns. The verb is conjugated in third person singular or plural because it agrees with the subject, not the indirect object.

gustar	to like	dar asco	to hate
apetecer	to feel like	dar miedo	to scare
encantar	to adore	dar lástima	to trouble
dar ganas	to feel like	doler	to hurt

Te apetece salir. You feel like going out.
Le duelen los dientes. His teeth hurt.
Les da miedo la película. The film scares them.

You can also add a mí, a ti, a él, a ella, a usted, a nosotros/-as, a vosotros/-as, a ellos, a ellas, or a ustedes before the indirect object for emphasis.

A mí me gusta el fútbol. Me, I like soccer.

Aspects of Action

To express an action that is planned (going to happen): ir a + infinitive. Voy a acostarme. I'm going to go to bed.
To express an action that is just about to happen: estar a punto de + infinitive or estar para + infinitive. El avión está para aterrizar. The plane is about to land.
To express an action that repeats: volver a + infinitive. Vuelve a escribir su nombre. You write your name again.
To express an action that has just happened: acabar de + infinitive. Acabo de llegar. I just arrived.

Colloquial Expressions

la pandilla	group of friends	¡qué pasada!	that's awesome!
el colega / el socio	friend	¡qué rollo!	it's boring!
el profe	teacher	¡chulo! ¡chula!	great!
el cole	middle school	ser un lince	to be very clever
un(a) chaval(a)	guy/girl	llevarse un chasco	to be disappointed
un tío	guy	estar hasta la gorra	to be fed up
un ligue	flirt	ligar	to flirt
un empollón	hard-worker	estar hecho papilla	to be sad
un cabeza de chorlito	scatterbrain	estar hecho polvo	to be tired
un cabeza cuadrada	stubborn	estar mal del coco	to be crazy
un cara de mala leche	mean look/face	estar harto	to be fed up

Exclamations

Exclamatory phrases, which express what a or how, begin with qué, cuánto, and cómo. Qué can be followed by a noun or an adjective. Sometimes tan or más are also used with the adjective to emphasize a defect or a quality. ¡Qué mujer! What a woman! ¡Qué familia tan unida! What a united family!

Cuánto expresses quantity, and agrees in gender and number with the adjective that follows. It can also be followed by a verb, in which case there is no agreement. Furthermore, lo que can replace cuánto when a verb follows. ¡Cuánta comida! How much food! / There's a lot of food! ¡Cuánto comes! How you eat! / You eat a lot!

Cómo expresses the manner in which something is done. It can only be followed by a verb. ¡Cómo baila! How he dances! / He dances well!

Telephone

Hello	Diga	telephone book	la guía telefónica
Hello (reply)	Oiga	yellow pages	las páginas amarillas
This is...	Soy...	to transfer someone	poner con alguien
phone card	una tarjeta telefónica	to call	telefonear
phone booth	una cabina	to pick up	descolgar
call	una llamada	to hang up	colgar
ringtone	el timbre del teléfono	to leave a message	dejar un recado
dialtone	el tono de marcar	to be very talkative	hablar por los codos
wrong number	un número equivocado	to dial a number	marcar un número
busy signal	la señal de ocupado

Durations of Time

Ago : hace + a period of time
Se fue hace quince días. He left fifteen days ago.

Since / For : desde hace + a period of time (careful with verb tenses here: present tense in Spanish, present perfect or present perfect continuous in English)
No vienes a verme desde hace un mes. You haven't come to see me for a month.

In : dentro de + a period of time (time at which something will happen)
Te llamo dentro de media hora. I'll call you in a half hour.

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Other Perfect Tenses

Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle.

The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como (as soon as); cuando (when); después (de) que (after); and hasta que (until).

The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the present.

The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the past.

Cosmetics / Toiletries

shampoo	el champú	brush	el cepillo
soap	el jabón	comb	el peine
makeup	el maquillaje	toothpaste	la pasta de dientes
shaving cream	la crema de afeitar	toothbrush	el cepillo de dientes
lotion	la loción	towel	la toalla
nail polish	el esmalte para las uñas	electric razor	la maquinilla de afeitar

Travelling & Vacation

passport	el pasaporte	airport	el aeropuerto
customs	la aduana	parking lot	el aparcamiento
arrival	la llegada	bus stop	la parada
departure	la salida	traffic jam	los atascos
(round-trip) ticket	el pasaje (de ida y vuelta)	map	el mapa
luggage	el equipaje	countryside	el campo
single/double room	la habitación individual/doble	mountain	la montaña
train (bus) station	la estación de tren (de autobuses)	beach	la playa
subway	la estación de metro	paths	los caminos
to take a trip	hacer un viaje	vacation	las vacaciones
to go on vacation	ir de vacaciones	to drive	conducir
to pack	hacer las maletas	to visit	visitar
to travel	viajar	to walk	pasearse
to fly	volar	to get lost	perderse

Parts of a Car & Gas Station

car garage tank gasoline oil air grease tire spare tire wheel steering wheel brake speed slow danger stop go service station

el coche el garage el tanque la gasolina el aceite el aire la grasa la llanta llanta picada la rueda el volante el freno la velocidad despacio peligro alto siga, adelante la estación de servicio

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Office / School Supplies

pencil	el lápiz	dictionary	el diccionario
eraser	la goma	tape (audio)	la cinta
pen	la pluma	map	el mapa
ink	la tinta	newspaper	el periódico
paper	el papel	novel	la novela
letter	la carta	backpack	la mochila
notebook	el cuaderno	stapler	la grapadora
book	el libro	scissors	unas tijeras

Infinitives followed by Prepositions

acostumbrarse aprender atreverse ayudar comenzar convidar decidirse dedicarse empezar enseñar invitar ir negarse persuadir principiar rehusar resignarse resistirse resolverse venir volver	to become used to to learn to to dare to to help to begin to to invite to to decide to to devote oneself to to begin to to teach to to invite to go to to refuse to to persuade to to begin to to refuse to to resign oneself to to resist to resolve to to come to to return to		acabar acordarse alegrarse aprovecharse arrepentirse cansarse cesar dejar encargarse gozar jactarse olvidarse tratar	to have just to remember to be glad to to profit by to repent to tire of to cease to cease to take charge of to take pleasure in to boast of to forget to to try to
Verb + en + another infinitive			Verb + con + another infinitive
consentir consistir divertirse empeñarse esforzarse insistir ocuparse pensar persistir tardar	to consent to to consist to amuse oneself to insist on to endeavor to to insist on to busy oneself to think of to persist in to delay in		contar contentarse soñar	to count on to content oneself with to dream of

Conditional Tense

The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.

To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense.

-ía -ías -ía

-íamos -íais -ían

Post Office and Bank

post office	el correo	bank	el banco
envelope	el sobre	(traveler's) check	el cheque (de viajero)
mailbox	el buzón	to cash (a check)	cobrar
mail carrier	el cartero	to save (money)	ahorrar
stamps	las estampillas	to deposit	depositar
package	el paquete	account	la cuenta

. Shopping

department store	el almacén	shop/store	la tienda
shopping mall	el centro comercial	(open-air) market	el mercado (al aire libre)
belt	el cinturón	(fixed) price	el precio (fijo)
glasses	las gafas	sale	la rebaja
gloves	los guantes	to bargain	regatear
sunglasses	los lentes de sol	to spend money	gastar

Uses of the Infinitive

The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a preposition, ver or oír.

El correr es buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise.

Partió sin hablar. He left without speaking.
Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.

Passive Voice

In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb.  In active sentences, the subject does the action.  However, the meaning of both sentences is the same.  The passive voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle.  Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence.  The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if mental.  The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.  If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence.

Active	El viento destruye la casa.	The wind destroys the house.
Passive	La casa fue destruida por el viento.	The house was destroyed by the wind.
Predicate Adjective	Cuando la vi, la casa estaba destruida.	When I saw it, the house was destroyed.

El niño fue castigado por su padre.  The boy was punished by his father.
Rosa es amada de todos.  Rose is loved by everyone.

Adverbs

Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective.  However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much).

Adjective	Adverb
correcto fácil claro absoluto rápido	correctamente fácilmente claramente absolutamente rápidamente	correctly easily clearly absolutely rapidly

Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo más + adverb + an expression of possibility is translated:  as ... as ...

lo bien que  how well
lo más pronto posible  as soon as possible

Uses of the Subjunctive

The main uses of the subjunctive include (generally, que will follow the verb):

1. After the verbs querer and desear (to want) when there is a change of subject (but use the infinitive if there is no change of subject)

2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something.

3. After verbs of emotion or command, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer (to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), mandar (to order), rogar (to request), when there is a change of subject.

4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well as after quizás, tal vez and acaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt.

5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a subject for the subordinate verb.

6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite

7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before)

8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied.

9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal!

10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España. When I'm older, I will go to Spain.

In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense)

Irregular Subjunctive Mood

Many verbs are considered irregular in the present subjunctive mood. However, only six verbs (marked in grey below) do not follow the pattern described above when starting with the yo conjugation of the indicative. Nevertheless, these verbs are still somewhat easy to remember even if they don't follow the pattern because the imperative form will help you determine the stem to use for the subjunctive conjugation.

dar - to give		decir - to say/tell		estar - to be
dé des dé	demos deis den	diga digas diga	digamos digáis digan	esté estés esté	estemos estéis estén
haber - to have		hacer - to do/make		ir - to go
haya hayas haya	hayamos hayáis hayan	haga hagas haga	hagamos hagáis hagan	vaya vayas vaya	vayamos vayáis vayan
poder - to be able to		poner - to put/place		querer - to want
pueda puedas pueda	podamos podáis puedan	ponga pongas ponga	pongamos pongáis pongan	quiera quieras quiera	queramos queráis quieran
saber - to know		salir - to go out		ser - to be
sepa sepas sepa	sepamos sepáis sepan	salga salgas salga	salgamos salgáis salgan	sea seas sea	seamos seáis sean
tener - to have		traer - to bring		venir - to come
tenga tengas tenga	tengamos tengáis tengan	traiga traigas traiga	traigamos traigáis traigan	venga vengas venga	vengamos vengáis vengan

Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well:

dar - to give		decir - to say/tell		estar - to be
diera dieras diera	diéramos dierais dieran	dijera dijeras dijera	dijéramos dijerais dijeran	estuviera estuvieras estuviera	estuviéramos estuvierais estuvieran
haber - to have		hacer - to do/make		ir - to go
hubiera hubieras hubiera	hubiéramos hubierais hubieran	hiciera hicieras hiciera	hiciéramos hicierais hicieran	fuera fueras fuera	fuéramos fuerais fueran
poder - to be able to		poner - to put/place		querer - to want
pudiera pudieras pudiera	pudiéramos pudierais pudieran	pusiera pusieras pusiera	pusiéramos pusierais pusieran	quisiera quisieras quisiera	quisiéramos quisierais quisieran
saber - to know		ser - to be		tener - to have
supiera supieras supiera	supiéramos supierais supieran	fuera fueras fuera	fuéramos fuerais fueran	tuviera tuvieras tuviera	tuviéramos tuvierais tuvieran
traer - to bring		venir - to come
trajera trajeras trajera	trajéramos trajerais trajeran	viniera vinieras viniera	viniéramos vinierais vinieran

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Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. Start with the first person singular yo conjugation in the present indicative tense, remove the final -o and add these endings:

Present Subjunctive

-ar verbs		-er and -ir
-e -es -e	-emos -éis -en	-a -as -a	-amos -áis -an

(Notice that -ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a)

Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. (Review #29 from Spanish I) Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present subjunctive:

mentir in present subjunctive
mienta mientas mienta	mintamos mintáis mientan

The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on ending, leaving you with -ar and -ier, and add these new endings:

Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive

all verbs
-a -as -a	-amos -ais -an

An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of hablaramos, it is habláramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiéramos, etc. Note that there is another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given are used more often. You must always the past subjunctive after como si. Es como si fuera mi padre. It's as if he were my father.

The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.

Present perfect subjunctive				Past perfect subjunctive
haya hayas haya	hayamos hayáis hayan	+ past participle		hubiera hubieras hubiera	hubiéramos hubierais hubieran	+ past participle

You must always pay attention to the correct usage of verb tenses. When the verb of the main clause is in the present or future, then the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the present subjunctive. But if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the past subjunctive.

Suffixes

Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs.  Unaccented vowels should be dropped before adding the suffixes.  The most common suffixes are -ito (a) and -cito (a).  They express size, affection, admiration, appreciation or pity.  The ending -ero (a) indicates the maker or dealer in charge of something.  To indicate where something is made or sold, add -ería.  When -eza and -ura are added to adjectives, they express abstract nouns.  When -dor is added to a verb (minus the final letter), it indicates the performer of the action

Animals

animal	el animal	duck	el pato	lark	la alondra	sea gull	la gaviota
ant	la hormiga	eagle	el águila (f)	lion	el león	seahorse	el caballito de mar
antelope	el antílope	eel	el anguila	lizard	el lagarto	seal	la foca
antenna	la antena	egg	el huevo	lobster (spiny)	la langosta	shark	el tiburón
antler	el asta	elephant	el elefante	louse	el piojo	sheep	la oveja
badger	el tejón	feather	la pluma	mackerel	el escombro	shrimp	la gamba
bat	el murciélago	fin	la aleta	mole	el topo	skin	la piel
beak	el pico	fish	el pez	monkey	el mono	slug	la babosa
bear	el oso	flea	la pulga	mosquito	el mosquito	snail	el caracol
bee	la abeja	fly	la mosca	moth	la polilla	snake	la serpiente / la culebra
beetle	el escarabajo	fox	el zorro	mouse	el ratón	sole	el lenguado
bird	el pájaro	frog	la rana	mule	el mulo	sparrow	el gorrión
blackbird	el mirlo	fur	el pelo	mussel	la almeja	spider	la araña
bull	el toro	gill	la branquia	nest	el nido	squid	el calamar
butterfly	la mariposa	giraffe	la jirafa	nightingale	el ruiseñor	squirrel	la ardilla
calf	el ternero	goat	la cabra	octopus	el pulpo	starfish	la estrella de mar
carp	la carpa	goose	el ganso	ostrich	el avestruz	stork	la cigüeña
cat	el gato	gorilla	el gorila	owl	el buho	swallow	la golondrina
caterpillar	la oruga	grasshopper	el saltamontes	ox	el buey	swan	el cisne
cheetah	el guepardo	hamster	la marmota	oyster	la ostra	tadpole	el renacuajo
chicken	el pollo	hare	la liebre	parrot	el loro	tail	la cola
chimpanzee	el chimpancé	hedgehog	el erizo	partridge	la perdiz	tiger	el tigre
claw	la zarpa	hen	la gallina	paw	la pata	toad	el sapo
cockroach	la cucaracha	heron	la garza	penguin	el pingüino	trout	la trucha
cod	el bacalao	herring	el arenque	pig	el cerdo	tuna	el atún
cocoon	el capullo	hoof	la pezuña	pigeon	el pichón	turkey	el pavo
cow	la vaca	horn	el cuerno	pike	el sollo	turtle	la tortuga
crab	el cangrejo	horse	el caballo	pony	el potro	wasp	la avispa
crayfish	el cangrejo	hummingbird	el colibri	rabbit	el conejo	weasel	la comadreja
crocodile	el cocodrilo	iguana	la iguana	raccoon	el mapache	whale	la ballena
crow	el cuervo	insect	el insecto	rat	la rata	wing	el ala (f)
deer	el ciervo	jellyfish	la medusa	rooster	el gallo	wolf	el lobo
dog	el perro	kitten	el gatito	salmon	el salmón	worm	el gusano
donkey	el burro	ladybug	la catarina	scale	la escama	zebra	la cebra
dragonfly	la libélula	lamb	el cordero	scorpion	el escorpión

To Hear, to Smell and to See

oír - to hear			oler - to smell			ver - to see
oigo oyes oye	oímos oís oyen		huelo hueles huele	olemos oléis huelen		veo ves ve	vemos veis ven

Disjunctive Pronouns

Disjunctive pronouns are used independently of the verb.  They are the pronouns which follow prepositions, or show emphasis.  

mí ti él ella Usted

nosotros (-as) vosotros (-as) ellos ellas Ustedes

Ello is also used as a neuter pronoun meaning it.  Sí can mean yourself, himself, herself, yourselves or themselves.  When con combines with mí, ti or sí, the words become conmigo, contigo and consigo.  For clearness, the forms of mismo (-a, -os, -as) can be added to these pronouns.

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun connects a dependent clause to a main clause and refers to something already mentioned (the antecedent.)  This pronoun may serve as the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.  Que and quien are the most commonly used relative pronouns.

Que (who, whom, that, which) refers to persons or things, except after a preposition, when it refers to things only.  El que (and its forms - la que, los que, las que) and el cual (and its forms - la cual, los cuales, las cuales) may replace que or quien.  These pronouns are used for clearness when there are two antecedents, and with prepositions.

La casa en que vivo es pequeña.  The house in which I live is small.
He visitado la ciudad cerca de la cual vive.  I visited the city near which he lives.

Quien (-es) (who) is used in a supplementary clause.  When used with a preposition, it means whom.  Quien (-es) is often used in place of el que and its forms as well, when it means one who, those who, etc.

Lo que and lo cual (which) refer to the whole sentence.

Cuyo (-a, -os, -as) is a possessive adjective and it agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed, which is always the word that follows it.

To Give and to Bring

dar - to give			traer - to bring
doy das da	damos dais dan		traigo traes trae	traemos traéis traen

Asking Questions

Simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence.
Place the predicate in front of the subject of the sentence.
Add no? or verdad? or no es verdad? to the end of the statement.  These translate to many phrases in English, such as Isn't it?  Aren't you?  Don't you?  Didn't he?  Isn't she? etc.

Parts of the Body

ankle	el tobillo	fever	la fiebre	pain	el dolor
arm	el brazo	finger	el dedo	nose	la nariz
artery	la arteria	fist	el puño	palm	la palma
back	la espalda	flesh	la carne	pulse	el pulso
beard	la barba	foot	el pie	rib	la costilla
belly	el vientre	forehead	la frente	shin	la espinilla
bladder	la vejiga	gum	la encía	shoulder	el hombro
blood	la sangre	hair	el cabello / el pelo	skeleton	el esqueleto
body	el cuerpo	hand	la mano	skin	la piel
bone	el hueso	head	la cabeza	skull	el cráneo
brain	el cerebro	health	la salud	sole	la planta
breast	el seno	heart	el corazón	spine	la espina dorsal
breath	el aliento	heel	el talón	stomach	el estómago
calf	la pantorrilla	hip	la cadera	tear	la lágrima
cheek	la mejilla	intestine	el intestino	temple	la sien
chest	el pecho	jaw	la quijada	thigh	el muslo
chin	la barba / la barbilla	kidney	el riñón	throat	la garganta
coccyx	el coxis	knee	la rodilla	thumb	el pulgar
cold	el resfriado	leg	la pierna	toe	el dedo del pie
complexion	la tez	lip	el labio	tongue	la lengua
cough	la tos	liver	el hígado	tooth	el diente
disease	la enfermedad	lung	el pulmón	vein	la vena
ear	la oreja	moustache	el bigote	wound	le herida
elbow	el codo	mouth	la boca	waist	la cintura
eye	el ojo	muscle	el músculo	wrist	la muñeca
eyebrow	la ceja	nail	la uña
eyelid	el párpado	neck	el cuello
face	la cara	nerve	el nervio

To express pain, use an indirect object pronoun + duele(n) + body part.

Me duele la cabeza.  My head hurts.
Le duelen los pies.  His feet hurt.

Object Pronouns

Subject		Direct		Indirect		Object of Prepositions
yo	I	me	me	me	to me	mí	me
tú	you	te	you	te	to you	ti	you
él	he/it	lo	him/it	le	to him/it	él	him/it
ella	she/it	la	her/it	le	to her/it	ella	her/it
Usted	you	la	you	le	to you	Usted	you
nosotros (as)	we	nos	us	nos	to us	nosotros (as)	us
vosotros (as)	you	os	you	os	to you	vosotros (as)	you
Ustedes	you	los, las	you	les	to you	Ustedes	you
ellos (as)	they	los	them	les	to them	ellos (as)	them

1. An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund.  Then it is attached to the verb as one word.  Déme Ud. el libro.  Give me the book.
2. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct.  If both pronouns begin with the letter l, then the first one is changed to se.
3. When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word.
4. For clearness or emphasis, the prepositional form of a plus an object of a preposition may be used.  Nos envió a Ud.  He sent us to you.
5. When the preposition con (with) precedes me or te, the words change to conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).

. Para vs. Por and Pero vs. Sino

Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time (for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive.)

La carta es para Concha.  The letter is for Concha.
Estudia para aprender.  He studies in order to learn.
Lo tendré para el martes.  I will have it by Tuesday.
Juan está para salir.  John is about to leave.

Por is used to express:  a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during, at); exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason.  It is also used after a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to be done or to be in favor of.

por el pueblo  through the town
por la mañana  in the morning
Pagó un peso por el libro.  He paid a dollar for the book.
Se vende por libras.  It's sold by the pound.
Voy por tren.  I'm going by train.
Voy por Alicia.  I'm going for Alice.
Voté por Juanita.  I voted for Juanita.
Fue escrito por Cervantes.  It was written by Cervantes.
La carta está por escribir.  The letter is yet to be written.
Estoy por escribirla.  I am in favor of writing it.

Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows.

Bebe leche pero no bebe café.  He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee.

Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the first clause is understood but not repeated.

No bebe café sino leche.  He does not drink coffee, but milk.

To Say and to Go Out

decir - to say			salir - to go out
digo dices dice	decimos decís dicen		salgo sales sale	salimos salís salen

Nature

air	el aire	grass	la hierba	sea	el mar
archipelago	el archipiélago	gulf	el golfo	shadow	la sombra
bank	la orilla	hail	el granizo	sky	el cielo
bay	la bahía	hay	el heno	snow	la nieve
barn	el granero	high tide	la marea alta	soil	el suelo
beach	la playa	hill	la colina	south	el sur
branch	la rama	ice	el hielo	spring (water)	la fuente
bridge	el puente	island	la isla	star	la estrella
bud	el capullo	isthmus	el istmo	stem	el tallo
bush	el arbusto	jungle	la jungla	storm	la tormenta
cape	el cabo	lake	el lago	strait	el aprieto
cave	la cueva	leaf	la hoja	stream	el arroyo
city	la ciudad	light	la luz	street	el calle
climate	el clima	lightning	el relámpago	sun	el sol
cloud	la nube	lily	la azucena	sunflower	el girasol
coast	la costa	low tide	la marea baja	thaw	el deshielo
comet	el cometa	meadow	el prado	thunder	el trueno
constellation	la constelación	moon	la luna	tornado	el tornado
country	el país	mountain	la montaña	tree	el árbol
country(side)	el campo	mountain range	la sierra	trunk	el tronco
current	la corriente	mouth (river)	la desembocadura	tulip	el tulipán
daffodil	el narciso	mud	el barro	valley	el valle
daisy	la margarita	nature	la naturaleza	view	la vista
darkness	la obscuridad	north	el norte	water	el agua (f)
desert	el desierto	peninsula	la península	fresh water	el agua dulce
dew	el rocío	plain	el llano	salt water	el agua salada
dust	el polvo	planet	el planeta	watering can	la regadera
earth	la tierra	plant	la planta	waterfall	la cascada
east	el este	pond	el estanque	wave	la ola
farm	la granja	pot (for plants)	la maceta	weather	el tiempo
field	el campo	rain	la lluvia	west	el oeste
flower	la flor	rainbow	el arco iris	wind	el viento
foam	la espuma	river	el río	world	el mundo
fog	le niebla	rock	la roca
foliage	el follaje	root	la raíz
forest	el bosque	rose	la rosa
frost	el helada	sand	la arena

Sports

ball	la pelota		pool	la piscina
game	el juego		basketball	el baloncesto
match	el partido		tennis	el tenis
team	el equipo		swimming	la natación
player	el jugador		boxing	el boxeo
soccer	el fútbol		wrestling	la lucha
football	el fútbol americano		hockey	el hockey
baseball	el béisbol		volleyball	el vóleibol

racket	una raqueta		net	una red
ball (small)	una pelota		cleats	unos zapatos de fútbol
bat	un bate		skis	unos esquís
glove	un guante		ski poles	unos bastones
ball	un balón		boots	unas botas
basketball hoop	una canasta		helmet	el casco

More Adjectives

large	grande	high, tall	alto
small	pequeño	low, short	bajo
long	largo	pretty	lindo, bonito
short	corto	beautiful	hermoso
good	bueno	ugly	feo
bad	malo	wide	ancho
rich	rico	narrow	estrecho
poor	pobre	heavy	pesado
strong	fuerte	light	ligero
weak	débil	hard	duro
easy	fácil	soft	blando
difficult	difícil	sweet	dulce
fat	gordo	sour	agrio
thin	delgado	bitter	amargo

When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective becomes a noun.

pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man

If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an abstract noun.

bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)

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Adjectives

Adjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun. In general, masculine adjectives end in -o and feminine adjectives end in -a: blanco and blanca (white). Adjectives that end in -ín, -án, -ón, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine. Adjectives that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine. Adjectives of nationality add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francés - francesa (French). Notice that when you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent. To form the plural of adjectives, follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns.

Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno - good; malo - bad; alguno - some; ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero - first; tercero - third

When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of either gender.  Santo (saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning with Do- or To-.

Future Tense

The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive:

-é -ás -á

-emos -éis -án

Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above:

caber (to fit)	cabr-
decir (to say, tell)	dir-
haber (to have)	habr-
hacer (to do, make)	har-
poder (to be able)	podr-
poner (to put, place)	pondr-
querer (to want)	querr-
saber (to know)	sabr-
salir (to leave, go out)	saldr-
tener (to have, to own)	tendr-
valer (to be worth)	valdr-
venir (to come)	vendr-

To Wear

llevar - to wear			ponerse - to put on
llevo llevas lleva	llevamos lleváis llevan		me pongo te pones se pone	nos ponemos os ponéis so ponen

Note:   You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but you do use the definite article.

Clothing

apron	el delantal	pants	los pantalones
barrette	el pasador	pin	el alfiler
bathrobe	la bata	pocket	el bolsillo
belt	el cinturón	purse	el bolso
blouse	la blusa	raincoat	el impermeable
boot	la bota	ring	el anillo
bracelet	la pulsera	sandals	las sandalias
brush	un cepillo del pelo	scarf	la bufanda
buckle	la hebilla	shirt	la camisa
button	el botón	shoe	el zapato
cap	el gorro	shoelace	el cordón
clothes	la ropa	shorts	los pantalones cortos
coat	el abrigo	silk	la seda
collar	el cuello	skirt	la falda
comb	el peine	sleeve	la manga
cotton	el algodón	slippers	las pantuflas
dress	el vestido	soap	el jabón
earmuffs	las orejaras	sock	los calcetines
earrings	el arete	stocking	la media
fashion	la moda	suit	el traje
glasses	los lentes	sunglasses	las gafas de sol
glove	el guante	suspenders	los tirantes
handbag	el bolso	sweater	el jersey
handkerchief	el pañuelo	sweatsuit	el chándal
hat	el sombrero	swimsuit	el traje de baño
jacket	la cazadora	tie	la corbata
jeans	los vaqueros	T-shirt	la camiseta
mittens	los mitones	umbrella	el paraguas
necklace	el collar	underwear	la ropa interior
nightgown	el camisón	waistcoat	el chaleco
overcoat	el sobretodo	watch	el reloj
pajamas	los pijamas	wool	la lana

Irregular Forms

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.  The most common are:

Adjective/Adverb		Comparative		Superlative
good bad great small well badly much little	bueno malo grande pequeño bien mal mucho poco	better worse greater less better worse more less	mejor peor mayor menor mejor peor más menos	the best the worst the greatest the least best worst most least	el mejor el peor el mayor el menor el mejor el peor el más el menos

Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and pequeño change according to gender.  The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.

Comparative and Superlative

Comparisons are expressed as follows:

más [adjective] que menos [adjective] que tan [adjective] como tanto(-a, -os, -as) [noun] como

more [adjective] than less [adjective] than as [adjective] as as much/many [noun] as

El gato es menos inteligente que el perro.  The cat is less intelligent than the dog.
Mi prima tiene más discos que nadie.  My cousin has more records than anyone.
No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes.  I don't have as much money as you.
To form comparatives, just add más or menos before the adjective or adverb.  To form the superlative, place the definite article before the comparative.  Note that de is used to express in after a superlative.
más alta  taller
la más alta  the tallest
Rosa es la niña más alta de la clase.  Rosa is the tallest girl in the class.

House & Furniture

alarm clock	el despertador	drawer	el cajón	pipe	la pipa
armchair	el sillón	dresser	el tocador	pipe (water)	el tubo
ashtray	el cenicero	driveway	la entrada del garaje	poker	el atizador
attic	el desván	DVD player	el lector de DVD	radio	la radio
balcony	el balcón	fence	la cerca	record	el disco
basement	el sótano	film	la película	refrigerator	el refrigerador
basket	la cesta	fire	el fuego	roof	el tejado
bathroom	el baño	flame	la llama	room	el cuarto
bathtub	la bañera	flashlight	la linterna	rug	la alfombra
batteries	las pilas	flat	el apartamento	sheet	la sábana
bed	la cama	floor	el suelo	shelf	el estante
bedroom	la alcoba / el dormitorio	floor (levels)	el piso / la planta	shovel	la pala
bell (door)	la campanilla	flower	la flor	shower	la ducha
blanket	la cobija	freezer	el congelador	sideboard	el aparador
blinds	la persiana	front walk	la vereda	sink	el fregadero
bookcase	la librería	furniture	los muebles	sink (bathroom)	el lavabo
box	la caja	garage	el garaje	sitting room	la sala
broom	la escoba	garden	el jardín	smoke	el humo
bucket	el balde	ground floor	la planta baja	sofa	el sofá
camcorder	la cámara	hearth	la chimenea	stairs	las escaleras
camera	la máquina de fotos	hook	el gancho	steps	los escalones
candle	la vela	house	la casa	story	el piso
carpet	la alfombra	iron (flat)	la plancha	stove	la estufa
cassette	la cinta	kerosene	el petróleo	study	el estudio
CD player	el lector de CD	key	la llave	switch	el conmutador
ceiling	el techo	kitchen	la cocina	table	la mesa
chair	la silla	ladder	la escalera	tap (faucet)	el grifo
chimney	la chimenea	lamp	la lámpara	telephone	el teléfono
cigar	el puro / el cigarro	lawn	el césped	television	el televisor
cigarette	el cigarrillo	light bulb	la bombilla	toaster	la tostadora
clock	el reloj	living room	la sala	toilet (WC)	el inodoro
closet	el armario	lock	la cerradura	towel	la toalla
compact disc	el disco compacto	mailbox	el buzón	vacuum cleaner	el aspirador
computer	la computadora	matches	las cerillas	vase	el jarrón
corner	el rincón	mattress	el colchón	VCR	el magnetoscopio
cupboard	la alacena	microwave oven	el horno microondas	wall (house)	el muro
curtain	la cortina	mirror	el espejo	wall (room)	la pared
cushion	el cojín	oven	el horno	window	la ventana
desk	el escritorio	pantry	la despensa	yard	el jardín
dining room	el comedor	picture	el cuadro
door	la puerta	pillow	la almohada

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