Possessive Adjectives

Initial Forms			Terminal Forms
		singular	plural		singular	plural
my		mi	mis		mío / mía	míos / mías
your		tu	tus		tuyo / tuya	tuyos / tuyas
your/his/her/its		su	sus		suyo / suya	suyos / suyas
our		nuestro / nuestra	nuestros / nuestras		nuestro / nuestra	nuestros / nuestras
your		vuestro / vuestra	vuestros / vuestras		vuestro / vuestra	vuestros / vuestras
your/their		su	sus		suyo / suya	suyos / suyas

Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as the vosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in Spain).
Because su and sus can have so many meanings, the definite article may be used instead of su with these expressions following the noun:  de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., de ellos and de ellas.
los libros de ellos  their books
The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite article, except in direct address.  When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours," etc.
el libro mío  my book
Qué haces, hijo mío?  What are you doing, my son?
un amigo mío  a friend of mine

To Know People & Facts

conocer - to know people			saber - to know facts
conozco	conocemos		sé	sabemos
conoces	conocéis		sabes	sabéis
conoce	conocen		sabe	saben

Family & Animals

family	la familia		grandfather	el abuelo		baby	el bebé
parents	los padres		grandmother	la abuela		teenager	el adolescente
husband	el marido / el esposo		grandparents	los abuelos		boy	el niño
wife	la mujer / la esposa		grandson	el nieto		girl	la niña
father / dad	el padre / papá		granddaughter	la nieta		boys & girls	los niños
mother / mom	la madre / mamá		grandchildren	los nietos		man	el hombre
son	el hijo		uncle	el tío		woman	la mujer
daughter	la hija		aunt	la tía		adult	el adulto
children	los hijos		aunts & uncles	los tios		twins (m)	los gemelos
brother	el hermano		nephew	el sobrino		twins (f)	las gemelas
sister	la hermana		niece	la sobrina		dog	el perro
brothers & sisters	los hermanos		nieces & nephews	los sobrinos		cat	el gato
only child (m)	el hijo único		cousin (m)	el primo		bird	el pájaro
only child (f)	la hija única		cousin (f)	la prima		fish	el pez
kid / boy	el muchacho		cousins	los primos		gold fish	la carpa dorada
kid / girl	la muchacha		relatives	los parientes		horse	el caballo
half-brother	el medio hermano		stepfather	el padastro		goat	la cabra
half-sister	la media hermana		stepmother	la madrastra		pig	el cerdo
father-in-law	el suegro		stepbrother	el hermanastro		cow	la vaca
mother-in-law	la suegra		stepsister	la hermanastra		rabbit	el conejo
brother-in-law	el cuñado		stepson	el hijastro		turtle	la tortuga
sister-in-law	la cuñada		stepdaughter	la hijastra		mouse	el ratón
son-in-law	el yerno		godfather	el padrino		deer	el ciervo
daughter-in-law	la nuera		godmother	la madrina		duck	el pato

Prepositions

a	at, to		al lado de	beside, alongside of
con	with		alrededor de	around
contra	against		cerca de	near, close to
de	of, from		lejos de	far from
en	in, on		delante de	in front of
entre	between, among		debajo de	below, under
hacia	towards, about		en frente de	opposite
para	for, in order, by		detrás de	behind
por	for, through, along, via		encima de	above, on top of
sobre	on, over		hasta	till, until
sin	without		desde	from, since

There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles.  A and el combine to form al, and de and el combine to form del.

Weather

¿Qué tiempo hace?	What's the weather like?
Hace buen tiempo.	The weather's nice.
Hace mal tiempo.	The weather's bad.
Hace frío.	It's cold.
Hace calor.	It's hot.
Hace sol.	It's sunny.
Hace viento.	It's windy.
Hace fresco.	It's chilly.
Está nublado.	It's cloudy.
Hay niebla.	It's foggy.
Hay neblina.	It's misty.
Hay humedad.	It's humid.
Hay granizo.	It's hailing.
Llueve.	It's raining.
Nieva.	It's snowing.
Truena.	It's thundering.
Llovizna.	It's sprinkling.

Colors & shapes

red	rojo / roja	circle	el círculo
pink	rosado / rosada	square	el cuadrado
orange	anaranjado / anaranjada	rectangle	el rectángulo
yellow	amarillo / amarilla	triangle	el triángulo
green	verde	oval	el óvalo
blue	azul	cube	el cubo
light blue	celeste	sphere	la esfera
purple	morado / morada	cylinder	el cilindro
violet	violeta	cone	el cono
brown	marrón	octagon	el octágono
black	negro / negra	box	la caja
gray	gris	pyramid	la pirámide
white	blanco / blanca
golden	dorado / dorada	dark	oscuro / oscura
silver	plateado / plateada	light	claro / clara

All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe and they agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do not change for gender (marrón) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form, you usually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simply add an -s.

a red house = una casa roja

Directions

to the right	a la derecha
to the left	a la izquierda
straight ahead	todo derecho

north	el norte		northeast	el noreste
south	el sur		northwest	el noroeste
east	el este		southeast	el sureste
west	el oeste		southwest	el suroeste

Seasons

spring	la primavera		in spring	en primavera
summer	el verano		in summer	en verano
winter	el invierno		in winter	en invierno
autumn	el otoño		in autumn	en otoño

Months of the Year

January	enero	ay-nair-oh
February	febrero	fay-bray-roh
March	marzo	mar-soh
April	abril	ah-breel
May	mayo	mi-oh
June	junio	hoo-nee-oh
July	julio	hoo-lee-oh
August	agosto	ah-gohs-toh
September	septiembre	sayp-tee-aim-bray
October	octubre	ohk-too-bray
November	noviembre	noh-bee-aim-bray
December	diciembre	dee-see-aim-bray
month	el mes	mais
first of [a month]	el primero de [month]	pree-mair-oh day _____
year	el año	ahn-yoh
decade	la década	deh-kah-dah
century	el siglo	see-gloh
millennium	el milenio	mee-leh-nee-oh

The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Also notice that primero is used for the first of the month, but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers: el primero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are also all masculine and not capitalized in writing.
¿Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date?
Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st.

Days of the Week

Monday	lunes	loo-nays
Tuesday	martes	mar-tays
Wednesday	miércoles	mee-air-coh-lays
Thursday	jueves	hway-bays
Friday	viernes	bee-air-nays
Saturday	sábado	sah-bah-doh
Sunday	domingo	doh-ming-oh
day	el día	dee-ah
week	la semana	say-mahn-ah
weekend	el fin de semana	feen day say-mahn-ah
today	hoy	oy
tonight	esta noche	es-tah noh-chay
last night	anoche	ah-noh-chay
yesterday	ayer	eye-yair
tomorrow	mañana	mahn-yahn-ah
my birthday	mi cumpleaños	mee coom-play-ahn-yohs
next	próximo / próxima	prok-see-moh / mah
last	pasado / pasada	pah-sah-doh / dah
day before yesterday	anteayer	ahn-teh-eye-yair
day after tomorrow	pasado mañana	pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah
the following day	el día siguiente	dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh
the day before	la víspera	vees-peh-rah

Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing. The definite article is not used after the verb ser, but at all other times it is required and there is slight change in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays

cardinal & ordinal Numbers

0	cero	say-roh
1	uno	oo-noh	first	primero
2	dos	dohs	second	segundo
3	tres	trays	third	tercero
4	cuatro	kuah-troh	fourth	cuarto
5	cinco	seen-koh	fifth	quinto
6	seis	says	sixth	sexto
7	siete	see-ay-tay	seventh	séptimo
8	ocho	oh-choh	eighth	octavo
9	nueve	new-ay-vay	ninth	noveno
10	diez	dee-ays	tenth	décimo
11	once	ohn-say	eleventh	undécimo
12	doce	doh-say	twelfth	duodécimo
13	trece	tray-say	thirteenth	décimo tercero
14	catorce	kah-tor-say	fourteenth	décimo cuarto
15	quince	keen-say	fifteenth	décimo quinto
16	diez y seis	dee-ays ee says	sixteenth	décimo sexto
17	diez y siete	dee-ays ee see-ay-tay	seventeenth	décimo séptimo
18	diez y ocho	dee-ays ee oh-choh	eighteenth	décimo octavo
19	diez y nueve	dee-ays ee new-ay-vay	nineteenth	décimo noveno
20	veinte	bayn-tay	twentieth	vigésimo
21	veinte y uno	bayn-tay ee oo-noh	twenty-first	vigésimo primero
22	veinte y dos	bayn-tay ee dohs	twenty-second	vigésimo segundo
30	treinta	trayn-tah	thirtieth	trigésimo
40	cuarenta	kuar-ain-tah	fortieth	cuadragésimo
50	cincuenta	seen-kuain-tah	fiftieth	quincuagésimo
60	sesenta	say-sain-tah	sixtieth	sexagésimo
70	setenta	say-tain-tah	seventieth	septuagésimo
80	ochenta	oh-chain-tah	eightieth	octogésimo
90	noventa	noh-bain-tah	ninetieth	nonagésimo
100	cien(to)	see-ain-(toh)	hundredth	centésimo
1000	mil	meel	thousandth	milésimo

If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers.

Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun.

Question Words

what	qué		which	cuál(es)
who	quién(es)		how much	cuánto (-a)
how	cómo		how many	cuántos (-as)
when	cuándo		whom	a quién(es)
where	dónde		whose	de quién(es)
why	por qué

To Be & to Have

ser - to be
present		past		future
soy	I am	fuí	I was	seré	I will be
eres	you are	fuiste	you were	serás	you will be
es	he/she/it is	fué	he/she/it was	será	he/she/it will be
somos	we are	fuimos	we were	seremos	we will be
sois	you are	fuisteis	you were	seréis	you will be
son	they are	fueron	they were	serán	they will be
estar - to be
present		past		future
estoy	I am	estuve	I was	estaré	I will be
estás	you are	estuviste	you were	estarás	you will be
está	he/she/it is	estuvo	he/she/it was	estará	he/she/it will be
estamos	we are	estuvimos	we were	estaremos	we will be
estáis	you are	estuvisteis	you were	estaréis	you will be
están	they are	estuvieron	they were	estarán	they will be
tener - to have
present		past		future
tengo	I have	tuve	I had	tendré	I will have
tienes	you have	tuviste	you had	tendrás	you will have
tiene	he/she/it has	tuvo	he/she/it had	tendrá	he/she/it will have
tenemos	we have	tuvimos	we had	tendremos	we will have
tenéis	you have	tuvisteis	you had	tendréis	you will have
tienen	they have	tuvieron	they had	tendrán	they will have

Highlighted forms are only used in Spain.

Ser is used to identify or describe.  It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its origin.  Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels.

Uses of Ser

Identify person/object Inherent characteristics or qualities Nationality/Occupation Telling time Express ownership Impersonal expressions Passive voice

El edificio es un templo. La casa es grande. Carlos es pobre. Es carpintero. Son las tres. Los libros son de Juan. Es necesario. El teléfono fue inventado por Bell.

The building is a temple. The house is large. Charles is poor. He is a carpenter. It's three o'clock. The books are John's. It is necessary. The telephone was invented by Bell.

Uses of Estar

Location/position Temporary condition/state State of health Form progressive tense

El libro está en la mesa. La ventana está abierta. Juan está enfermo. Miguel está estudiando.

The book is on the table. The window is open. John is sick. Michael is studying.

Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice, estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent; ser moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan.

Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use the verb "tener" in Spanish (but not all):

to be afraid	tener miedo	to be in a hurry	tener prisa, estar de prisa
to be against	estar en contra	to be jealous	tener celos
to be at fault	tener la culpa	to be lucky	tener suerte
to be careful	tener cuidado	to be patient	tener paciencia
to be cold	tener frío	to be sleepy	tener sueño
to be curious	ser curioso/a	to be successful	tener éxito
to be happy	estar contento/a	to be thirsty	tener sed
to be hot	tener calor	to be tired	estar cansado/a
to be hungry	tener hambre	to be ___ years old	tener ___ años

Subject Pronouns

yo	yoh	I	nosotros / nosotras	noh-soh-trohs / noh-soh-trahs	we
tú	too	you (informal)	vosotros / vosotras	boh-soh-trohs / boh-soh-trahs	you all
él / ella / usted	ail / ay-yah / oo-sted	he / she / it / you (formal)	ellos / ellas / ustedes	ay-yohs / ay-yahs / oo-sted-ays	they / they / you (plural)

Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you know well. Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also be abbreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbs.

Articles & Demonstratives

	Masc. Singular	Fem. Singular			Masc. Plural	Fem. Plural
the	el  (ail)	la  (lah)		the	los  (lohs)	las  (lahs)
a, an	un  (oon)	una  (oon-ah)		some	unos  (oon-ohs)	unas  (oon-ahs)
this	este	esta		these	estos	estas
that	ese	esa		those	esos	esas
that	aquel	aquella		those	aquellos	aquellas

El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first syllable.  Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions: la mano (hand), la foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud.
Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing.  Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing.  Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that.  They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas.

MASCULINE FEMININE el niño the boy la niña the girl los niños the boys or the boys and girls las niñas the girls nosotros we (all male) or we (male and female) nosotras we (all female) el vicepresidente la vicepresidente un artista an artist una artista an artist el cuerpo the body (always masculine, even if the body is not) una persona a person (always feminine, even if the person is not) la naturaleza nature la canción the song la humanidad humanity, mankind la libertad liberty la juventud youth, young people NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS: la mano (the hand), el día (the day), el problema, el programa, el planeta

GENDER How to tell them apart.

MASCULINE	FEMININE
el niño the boy	la niña the girl
los niños the boys or the boys and girls	las niñas the girls
nosotros we (all male) or we (male and female)	nosotras we (all female)
el vicepresidente	la vicepresidente
un artista an artist	una artista an artist
el cuerpo the body (always masculine, even if the body is not)	una persona a person (always feminine, even if the person is not)
	la naturaleza nature
	la canción the song
	la humanidad humanity, mankind
	la libertad liberty
	la juventud youth, young people

NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS: la mano (the hand), el día (the day), el problema, el programa, el planeta